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Often used in applications where the hub must slide along the shaft, as when moving a gear axially along a shaft for changing a gear ratio, and when high torque must be transmitted. The strength of a splined shaft is usually considered to be the same as a solid shaft of diameter equal to the spline minor diameter. A secondary device, such as a circlip is required, as shown in figure 6, to provide axial location of the hub. Splines are manufactured in two different 'tooth" profiles, straight and involute. Involute splines are the strongest but are relatively difficult to cut or roll. Involute profiles are explained more fully in "Standard Gears". Stress raising effects are similar to those caused by keys with kf between 1.38 and 4.